There's actually a formula to it, and it figures out a fixed percentage reduction based on your highest stat. Here's the wiki article on it: http://ringofbrodgar.com/wiki/FEP
The forumla is 0.632 * sqrt(max stat * 10 ) / 10
So to figure from the base of 10 for a new character (as it's the easiest math without a bunch of irrational numbers), each time you eat a different food you reduce the FEP to level up by 0.632. At a max stat of 50, you reduce FEPs needed by ~1.413. So if I eat a q10 blueberry, I get 1 FEP and now only need ~48.5 FEP. If I eat a q40 roasted fox meat, I have 3 INT FEPs and now only need 47.1. FEPs to level up. etc. etc.
Of course, with satiation and hunger bonuses (and penalties), this gets to be a complicated strategy and eating becomes a mini-game.