As long as everything is properly walled, there's nothing special you need to do. Your claims won't run out of authority in one week. Someone might try to break your walls, but that's rather unlikely - unless they know you are away and they have reason to believe you have anything valuable they can steal.
But you can take some precautions to minimize the chance of being raided and the possible negative consequences. - Put all valuable items in your inventory before you log out. If you need more space: create alts for that purpose. - Make sure that your place looks active. Fill the animal troughs, harvest the withered crops after the winter, etc. - Don't tell anyone about it.
It's very unlikely that someone will try to raid you. Trying to raid hermit bases that look active is a waste of time and resources.
There is one guy who is placing Wrecking Balls around now and then. I think he is checking if people are still playing. I think there is no hope for me if he choose my base
If you have anything worth more than a few hours of work, make alts, dump the items onto them. Someone probably will break in. Assume kilns, ovens, and smelters might get wrecked. Assume cauldrons, meat grinders, and the like will disappear. Save some materials back to rebuild (or buy replacements).
Opinions expressed in this statement are the authors alone and in no way reflect on the game development values of the actual developers.
If you are friendly with one of your neighbors, you can also ask them to ride by and check on the place while you're gone. Of course: you have to trust them not to break in themselves while you're gone.