This idea is inspired by my favorite old mod of Civilization 4 called Fall From Heaven 2. In that mod, there was the concept of Hell Terrain, which, under certain circumstances, could slowly spread across the map and transform all of the standard terrain types into corrupted/hellish versions. The change was both cosmetic and functional because it looked like a hellscape, and also changed how some of the terrain bonuses and resources functioned. There were also ways to purify the terrain and contain the corruption, but that might not be used here.
Examples of how the mod handled it (simply ideas as opposed to suggestions):
Plains/grasslands were converted to darkened/twisted versions
All forests caught on fire and burned down (maybe not feasible here)
Desert sands became hot and even began burning (somehow)
Other ideas not present in the mod could be something like the oceans/water becoming black like tar (might look dumb)
Rather than making something like this a mechanic throughout the lifespan of the world, I thought it could be fun to activate some kind of "event" for the last couple weeks of a world before a reset where "hell terrain" originates at one or more random points in the world, and then it would spread rapidly from that point to cover the entire world over the next days/weeks or however long it was balanced to take. Since it would be an apocalyptic event, maybe it would also allow demonic beasts to spawn within the terrain that could even bash brick walls. Maybe there could be a way to keep the terrain from spreading by constructing some kind of very expensive "shield," but that might be against the spirit of the event, since it is the apocalypse. It just seems like it could be a fun end to the world rather than the whimper that it seems like at times.