1: It's the start of a new world, it's kind of a bad idea to jump in unless you're a semi-veteran or very persistent. All the no-lifes and tryhards are playing right now and are competing for land, resources, and server ping, and will do everything they can to erase you from the equation.
2: Since you're "new" (or haven't played in a long time) i'll give you a tip, base deep inside a cave before you have a palisade. Very unlikely anyone will find you. Don't pave the ground or do anything that might appear on the minimap, then just kill squirrels and chickens for the hides/leather and boneglue for the palisade. Ropes are a lot easier to make than back in legacy, you can find cattails and make bark fibres.
3: If there's someone around that totally ignored your claim and bashed your stuff they definitely really don't want you there. Consider moving.
4: There are plenty of nice and friendly encounters to be had in the game, if all you've been met with is hostility you're in a ridiculously high risk hotspot. Seriously consider moving.
5: Extorting people for real money in exchange for mercy is acceptable so i don't see why bribing them for protection isn't. The only issue is there's a big skill/equipmebt gap between big boi factions (who want to kill you to remove competition) and the average joe who'll actually have a common interest with you. I don't think you'll find what you're looking for, partially due to unwillingness to compete with these large factions, but mostly due to complete inability to.
6: It is dev stance that new players will suffer and that's okay. There is no protection given because that can only lead to griefing. (If a new character can't die for 1 real hour, i can set up a bot to make 20 new characters every hour and bodyblock your gates, etc etc etc) The main fun and thrill to be had from Haven & Hearth is the risk and reward. You never know when someone or something might emerge from the bushes and slit your throat, and that makes every achievement feel huge, as if you've cheated death. For maximum enjoyment, you should adopt this mindset or something similar, otherwise this may simply be the wrong game for you.
TL;DR either move, wait a couple months for the tryhards to leave, or hide in a cave to make your palisade materials.